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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Pemphigus spyrothecae ： ウィキペディア英語版 Pemphigus spyrothecae ''Pemphigus spyrothecae'', or the poplar spiral gall aphid, is a social insect which exhibits apparent altruistic behaviors. The aphids form galls and act as colony defenders, at times sacrificing their own lives to do so. It has been shown that colony defense is more likely in habitats that are difficult to obtain and can hold a large number of individuals. These gall locations are so crucial because plants have a short window in which a gall can be produced.〔 Thus, it is important for there to be a defense system that enables organisms to retain their galls. The need for defense arises when the gall is opened up to allow winged aphid migrants to leave and to release any waste.〔 The process of repairing the holes, in ''P. spyrotheca'', can take up to 10 days; during this time, the gall is susceptible to intruding predators. ==Description== ''P. spyrothecae'' is green, red or yellow in color and smooth to the touch. The outer surface of this species develops as the edges of the petiole of ''Populus nigra'' thicken, flatten and twist. In parallel to the petiole's shape, a gall forms into a spiral shape similar to that of the inside of a snail's shell. The fundatrix, or parthenogenetic female aphid produced on the primary host plant from an overwintering fertilized egg, is pale green; these individuals allow the second generation alatae to form within the gall.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Pemphigus spyrothecae )〕 The Galls typically mature in late August to early September and change color from green to red over the course of maturation. At this stage, the alatae exit the gall through many small pore along the spirals' seams. In terms of geographical distribution, ''P. spyrothecae'' are distributed across Europe, North Africa (Tunisia), western Siberia, Pakistan and some locations within Canada. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pemphigus spyrothecae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.